Monday, September 29, 2014

The Code-Written Journals of Beatrix Potter





[Ref:  The Journal of Beatrix Potter from 1881 to 1897, Transcribed from Her Code Writing By Leslie Linder, Frederick Warne & Co., New York, 1968, pp, xxiii-xxix; illustrations see xxvi & xxvii.  The chart of code symbols in the above source is not included, as many of them can not be reproduced by the letters available on a standard keyboard, but if you can find a copy of the book, there is a chart on p. xxv.]

We tend to think of Beatrix Potter mostly as the author of charming books about the adventures of little animals, such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit.  However while looking up some journaling information at the public library, I ran into this account of her journals, done in secret code between the ages 14 to about 30. 

The author, Leslie Linder, tells how she originally learned about the journals.  In 1952, during a visit with Captain and Mrs. Stephanie Duke, a relative of BP, she relates the circumstances.  “As I was taking leave of them at the railway station she turned to me saying, ‘Do you know that we have just come across the most extraordinary collection of Papers,… a large bundle of loose sheets and exercise books written in cipher-writing which we can make nothing of – I wonder is you could decipher them?.’  It was not until several months later when I was at Hill Top that I first saw this mysterious bundle of Papers which had been given to the National Trust to keep with their other Beatrix Potter Papers. 
     I was able to examine them in detail, but could find no clue to the cipher-symbols, apart from the fact that they looked like ordinary letters of the alphabet, also the figure 3 appeared very frequently. …
     The following year [c. 1953] when again visiting Hill Top, I was allowed to take away some of the code-written sheets in order to study them at my leisure. … but the next few years passed without any definite results, and all attempts to break down the code failed.  By Easter 1958 I was beginning to think somewhat sadly that these code-written sheets would remain a mystery forever.
     On the evening of Easter Monday, 1958, I remember thinking to myself, I will have one last attempt at solving this code-writing, more to pass the time than with any anticipation of success.”

She selected a sheet at random.  It happened to contain the letters XVI and what looked like the date 1793.
     “I consulted a Dictionary of Dates without success, and then, almost by chance, looked up Louis XVI in the Index to the Children’s Encyclopedia, where I read, ‘Louis XVI, French King; born Versailles 1754; guillotined Paris 1793’.  Here at last was a possible clue!
     It so happened that this particular line of code-writing contained a word in which the second cipher-symbol was the letter x, it immediately suggested the word executed as the equivalent of guillotined. … and the clue was valid. … With the help of these assumed symbols, other words were deciphered, and by midnight  on that memorable Easter Monday practically the whole of Beatrix Potter’s code-alphabet had been solved.”

“ … this collection of code-written sheets contained the perfect clue – a page of note-paper headed XC.  … The Roman numerals were, in fact, the heading to verses 1-12 of the 90th Psalm [from the Bible].  Apart from two wrong words and three which had been omitted, it was word perfect…and a simple and straightforward key to the code.”

Although the key was available, the author explains that there were still problems to solve.  One was that parts of the cipher symbols had faded over time, making it difficult to decipher words.  Second, while early texts had upper case letters, this was abandoned in later texts.  Third the code-alphabet was a mixture of Arabic letters, Greek symbols, German script, and some imaginary letters.  Fourth, some symbols could represent more than one word.  For example “2” could mean to, too, or two, and “3” could be the number 3 or the word “the” and would therefore appear several times on a page.  Some compound words would have a shortened compound symbol: “4get” might mean “forget”.  And fifth,  at some times, two symbols were combined to make a third word, with a totally different meaning.

Comparative authentication and checking was conducted to determine certain contemporary information, such as political activities, place-names, botanical names, natural history, geology, names of artists, and titles of pictures mentioned.  Research was conducted to establish the chronology of events.  The journal material shows an extremely broad vocabulary and some editing done by Miss Potter herself.

The journals end on January 31, 1897, in which “she described in detail her preparation for a Paper [on The Germination of the Spores of Agaricinae] and the help and encouragement she received from her uncle Sir Henry Roscoe, the distinguished chemist…. From now onwards the keeping of a Journal appears to have been put on one side as Beatric Potter became more and more absorbed in the planning of her books.  It is of interest to note, however, that in later years she sometimes wrote odd notes and even fragments in code-writing, but it was never used again for the purpose of a Journal.”

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